英语翻译笔记

1 具体分值和时间

段落翻译,英翻中,平均7个句子,150词,20分钟(建议时间),总分15分,以往平均得分10分

2 评分标准

a. 准确(大意相同) b. 通顺(说人话) c. 完整(成句,别漏译)

3 翻译准备

1 浏览全篇,对文章以及句子的考点有大致的了解

2 写翻译(并非“看”翻译)

4 考研翻译具体考点

4.1 词汇

专有名词 多义词

4.2 句子

A 简单句

1 句子不通顺时,适当找词替换一下

2 改变句子顺序(以原句顺序优先)

B 复杂句及复杂结构

B1 从句

翻译技巧

首先要能确定这是个从句,从而正确理解是哪种类型的从句

逆译法:定语从句和状语从句一定要调整语句。

顺译法:宾语从句和其他名词性从句按照字面语序翻译即可。

B1.1 定语从句(修饰名词)

名词 + that / which / who / when / where / why...

I still remember the day when he left.

翻译步骤

1 正确判断句子是定语从句

2 看句子是短句(简单)还是长句(复杂)

3 短从句直接提前,修饰名词,“...的”

4 长从句需要重复被修饰的词,另起一句

Eg:

Think about driving a route that's very familiar.

设想在熟悉的道路上驾驶车辆

Realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

现实乐观主义者会尽最大努力做好每一件事,而不是相信每件事都会有好的结果

B1.2 宾语从句 (V + that... 认为)

动词 / 介词 + that / what / how / when...

I still remember when he left.

Eg:

Because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream.

因为我认为时尚和我放在一起只是一个梦

He analyzes the weak lecture,learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn't.

他分析了这场糟糕的演讲了解到什么是起作用的什么是不起作用的为未来吸取经验教训。

B1.3 状语从句 连接词 when

When he left,I still remember something happy。

翻译技巧

在状语从句翻译中需要调整语序,把状语从句提前,看做是条件

九大状语从句

  • 时间(when, since 加时间表自从 + 完成时态)

When he feels down --say,after giving a bad lecture--he grants himself permission to be human.

当他感到情绪很低落的时候——也就是在进行了一次很糟糕的演讲之后,他告诉自己这是人之常情。

lecture 演讲 grants 给予,授予 permission 允许,许可

  • 地点(where)

  • 原因(why,since 不加时间引导原因状语从句)

  • 目的(so that)

  • 结果(so that 以致于)

  • 条件(if / unless 除非)

  • 方式(according to / as)

  • 比较(as / as...as... / the same...as...)

The IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do.

IT 行业所产生的温室气体和航空业所产生的是一样多的

airlines 航空业 volume 量

  • 让步(though / although / even though /while 尽管)

While it rains,we still...

While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, which(这件事,这种行为) uses even more energy.

这些计算机在散发了大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体,所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备,然而这却导致耗能更多

large quantities of 大量的 a great deal of 大量的 air-conditioner 空调 air-conditioned 散热

B2 比较级别 compared with 与...相比较而言

翻译技巧

认准比较词,找准比较对象

He is more disappointed than angry.

比起生气来他更失望

Obesity is less a matter of weight than body fat.

肥胖症与其说是一个人重量重不如说是一个人体脂高

Obesity 肥胖症 weight 体重 fat 体脂

He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others.

不是每一场演讲都能获得诺贝尔奖,有一些演讲总是不如其他的演讲有影响力

reminds 提醒 effective 有效的,有影响力

下列词或短语不用比较级形式却表示比较的概念

  • inferior (下级, 次品)

  • superior (上级, 高级)

  • junior (年轻人的, 下级的)

  • senior (高级的, 年长的)

  • prior (优先的)

  • prefer to (更加喜欢)

  • preferable (更好的)

  • major (主要的, 主修的)

  • minor (次要的, 辅修)

  • differ from (与…不同, 区别于…)

  • compared with (与...相比较)

  • in comparison with (与…比较,同…比较起来)

  • different from (与…不同,不同于)

  • rather than (而不是;宁可…也不愿)

He adds that perhaps he was "superior to the common man in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully".

他补充说到或许他在两方面优于普通人,第一方面他更容易关注到别人会忽视的部分,第二方面他观察的更仔细

perhaps 或许

B3 被动 (转主动)

sb do sth / sth be done

英语多被动,汉语多主动 → 英译汉--被动转主动

  1. 主语不变,省略掉被字即可—— 主被关系模糊,自然发生

Water can be changed from liquid to solid.

水能从液体变为固体

  1. 人为事件,主被动关系明确

Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.

监督监管只是节能减排的第一步,然而我们还可以采取更多的措施,并且这些措施并不只由大公司来实施和解决。

monitoring 监督 monitor 班长 reduce 减少

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.

人们开超市的目的是为了吸引顾客 / 超市旨在吸引顾客

be to do 目的性

That the seas are overfished has been known for years.

众所周知海洋过度捕捞已经很多年了。

  1. 被动型形式表达主动概念

  2. be interested in 对...感兴趣

Eg:I am interested in this book.

  • be exposed to (考频高) 面临,接触

Eg:Early exposure to language learning is beneficial for kids.

Kids should be exposed to language learning earlier.

  • be concerned about (考频高) 关心,挂念,考虑到

  • be based upon 基于

Eg:Practice is based upon theory.

  • be qualified for 有...的资格,可胜任...

I can qualified for this job.

  • be convinced (考频高) 相信,确信,心悦诚服

B4 代词 (找到对应的词)

it / this / that / they / (some / many / those 后面省略 people) / such 这样的

B5 否定

No more than 10% 不超过10%

costless = no cost

little / less / least 几乎没有 a little 有一点点

Few people are here. 几乎没有人在这儿

Everyone is not here. 并不是所有人都在这儿。

No one is here. 都不在

B5 虚拟

should / would / could + have done 本应该 / 本可能做某事...事实上没有发生

4.3 思维:中英文思维差别

语言

主语与主题——中文重主题,英语凸显主语

The dialect is known by every linguist in this room.

屋子里每个语言学家都懂得这种方言

形合与意合

英语重形合,多用连接词语,表达结构关系。

中文靠语义贯通,语境映衬。

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,with a glass that perpetually half full.

大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的快乐,就像一只杯子里总是装着半杯水

动词 + as 把...当做什么,把...看做什么 perpetually 永恒地,持久地 optimism 乐观,乐观主义

树状与竹状

西文多随举解释,而汉语节节延伸

The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had no food for two days.

男孩哭的心都快碎了,当我问及他时,他说饿极了,有两天没吃了

静态与动态

英语形式丰富,动词变化多端,但每句话只能出现一个谓语。多借助动词以外的词。

中文并不受限制,不存在时态人称变化。

表达

英语

汉语

重结构

重语义

多长句(从句)

多短句(分句)

多代词 (it, this, that, these, those, one, such, some, many people 诸如此类)

多名词(英翻汉代词翻为名词)

多被动

多主动

多前重心

多后重心

Stealing happens only in communities where some have got more than they need while other have not enough.

有贫富差距过大的群体,偷窃行为经常发生

Stealing 偷窃 communities 群体,社会 (group, society)

思维

在时间概念上

英语:back 过去 forward 未来

中国人:前,过去 后,未来

look forward to 期待

中国人面向过去区分时间,英美人向着未来区分时间

Two years before graduating from secondary school...

在毕业的前两年...

正反与虚实

I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.

我已经读了你的文章,但是我没想到你这么年轻

You are the last man I wanna see.

你是我最不想见到的人,滚开!

褒贬与曲直

She was annoyed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

电话铃声一直响让她感到非常烦躁

annoyed 恼怒的, 烦闷的 persistent 坚持不懈的, 持续的

the rest of your life 剩余部分

抽象与具体

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food.

除非人类有意识去减少人口数量到一定的范围,这时地球能够给所有人提供足够食物,否则人们必须接受更多的人造食物。

翻译要点

  1. 两分钟通读,建立第一感觉,也为猜后面的难词难句打基础。

  2. 看每个句子时,别只盯着单词,要先看翻译的特殊点(从句、逻辑连接词、比较级结构等)有没有。

  3. 尽量保持直译,大概意思对,语言流畅即可,高端翻法没必要。

  4. 有些词或难的语法点可以略翻、一笔带过、靠中文意思堆凑,但是不能漏掉。

  5. 翻完自己读一遍,如果自己都觉得拿不出手,那就是真的拿不出手。

  6. 下笔写比睁眼看强,练习非常重要。

总结

考研英语二翻译难点和考察点

1 需要依赖上下文理解

2 抽象名词偏多

名词

动词

unemployment (失业)

fail to do (未做到)

absence (不在,毫无)

miss (未打中,未见到,未达到;不懂,不理解,不明白;赶不上,抓不住)

exclusion (排除)

ignore (不理会,不考虑)

freedom (通常和 from 连用,表 不..., 无...的)

hate (不想,不愿意)

lack (无,缺乏)

refusal (无,缺乏)

Absence of competition brings about laziness. 没有竞争导致人的懒惰

Many of Britain's beaches fail to meet minimum standards of cleanliness. 许多英国海滩没有达到最低的清洁标准

3 后置定语类型多

4 从句和复杂结构都有出现

5 虽然单词和句型不是那么难,但全篇的逻辑性和词汇及句子的表达要求是有的

6 单词简单,命题思路灵活

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